ENGLISH GRAMMAR

THE SIMPLE  TENSES

• ·         Simple Present

In general, the simple present expresses event or situations that exist always, usually, habitually; they exist now, have existed in the past, and probably will exist in the future.

Example:

§  It snows in Alaska.

§  I watch television every day.

• ·         Simple Past

At one particular time in the past, this happened. It began and ended in the past.

Example:

§  It snowed yesterday.

§  I watched television last night.

• ·         Simple Future

At one particular time in the future, this will happen.

Example:

§  It will snow tomorrow.

§  I will watch television tonight.

THE PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Form                   : be +  -ing (present participle)

Meaning              : the progressive tenses give the idea that an action is in progress during a particular time. The tenses say that an action begins before, is in progress during, and continues after another time or action. The progressive tenses are also called the continuous tenses: present continuous, past continuous, and future continuous.

• ·         Present Progressive

Example:

§  He is sleeping right now.

He went to sleep at 10:00 tonight. It is now 11:00 and he is still asleep. His sleep began in the past, is in progress at the present time, and probably will continue.

§  John and Mary are talking on the phone. 

• ·         Past Progressive

Example:

§  He was sleeping when I arrived.

He went to asleep at 10:00 last night. I arrived at 11:00. He was still asleep. His sleep began before and was in progress at a particular time in the past. It probably continued.

§  John and Mary were talking on the phone yesterday.

• ·         Future Progressive

Example:

§  He will be sleeping when we arrive.

He will go to sleep at 10:00 tomorrow night. We will arrive at 11:00. The action of sleeping will begin before we arrive and it will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Probably his sleep will continue.

§  I will be studying when you come.

THE PERFECT TENSES

Form                   : have + past participle

Meaning              : the perfect tenses all give the idea than one thing happens before another time or event.

• ·         Present Perfect

Example:

§  I have already eaten.

         I finished eating sometime before now. The exact time is not important.

§  I have already studied Chapter One.

• ·         Past Perfect

Example:

§  I had already eaten when they arrived.

First I finished eating. Later they arrived. My eating was completely finished before another time in the past.

§  I had already studied Chapter One before I began to study Chapter Two.

• ·         Future Perfect

Example:

§  I will already have eaten when they arrive.

First I will finish eating. Later they will arrive. My eating will be completely finished before another time in the future.

§  I will already have studied Chapter Four before I study Chapter Five.

THE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

Form                     : have + been + - ing ( present participle)

Meaning              : the perfect progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately before, up to, until another time or event. The tenses are used to express the duration of the first even.

• ·         Present Perfect Progressive

Example:

§  I have been studying for two hours.

             Event in progress: studying.

When? Before now, up to now.

            How long? For two hours.

§  I have been sitting here since seven o’clock.

• ·         Past Perfect Progressive

Example:

§  I had been studying for two hours before my friend came.

            Event in progress: studying.

When? Before another event in the past.

            How long? For two hours.

§  The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him.

• ·         Future Perfect Progressive

Example:

§  I will have been studying for two hours by the time you arrive.

            Event in progress: studying.

When? Before another event in the future.

            How long? For two hours.

§  When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.

REFERENCE:

Azar, B.S. (2002). Understanding and Using English Grammar Second Edition Edisi Inggris-Indonesia, Jakarta Barat: Binarupa Aksara.

TRICKS TO FACE LISTENING COMPREHENSION

TRICKS TO FACE LISTENING COMPREHENSION

                First section in TOEFL test is Listening Comprehension. This is used to know how is your ability in understand a conversation in English. There are 50 questions which are divided in 3 parts. The time durations provided to answer all parts is only 35 minutes.

                For most people, Listening Comprehension is the challenging and difficult part in TOEFL test. Well don’t worry, in this test we don’t only have ability in English but also we should have tricks to answers it. Here I want to tell some tricks to answers Listening Comprehension.

                There are 3 parts in Listening Comprehension, so I will tell from the first part.

1.       PART A : SHORT CONVERSATION

The first part is called Short Conversation. This part consists of short conversations between 2 people. These conversations are usually about daily life in America. This is the tricks to face it:

• §  You should focus to the second speaker

Almost questions in this part are clarification question about what the second speaker says.

• §  Don’t be panic if you don’t understand word by word in conversations completely. You only need to get the idea in conversations

Even though you don’t understand the conversations completely, but you still have chance to answer the question correctly, because usually the questions are about the main idea of that conversations. Once again, you only need to be more focus to second speaker. Next, choose the answer which is restatement from the second speaker.

Example:

Woman: I hope you were able to be really productive today.

Man      : It was so hot that I couldn’t get any work done.

Narrator: WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?

For this question, this is the choices answer:

a.       He didn’t accomplish much because of the weather

b.      It couldn’t be too hot to work

c.       He completed a lot of work in spite of the weather

d.      Unless it’s very hot, he doesn’t get much work done

You only need to remember ‘hot’ and ‘couldn’t get any work done’. Once again, the question is about restatement, so you only to understand that the second speaker couldn’t work well because the weather was too hot. In the other words he didn’t accomplish much because of the weather. So the answer is A.

• §  If you don’t understand at all what second speaker says, choose the answer which is the most distinct than what you hear in conversations.

This is like standard pattern in TOEFL test, which the answer is really different than the second speaker says. So, you should avoid to choose the answer same like what you hear from the second speaker. This pattern is only to deceive participants.

Example:

Woman: is Nicky going to work on the science project with us?

Man      : she prefers not to work on group projects.

Narrator: WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT NICKY?

For this question, this is the choices answer:

a.       She’d rather work alone

b.      Group work is her preference

c.       She’s working on a project about group preferences

d.      She projected that the group wouldn’t work

The most distinct in those choices which is said by second speaker is A. If you choose A without you understand what the speaker means and you only see the most distinct answer from what the second speaker says, it means your choice is right because the answer is A.

• §  Understand the form of functional expression (agreement, uncertainty, suggestion, surprise), idiomatic expression, and the situation when conversation goes on.

·         Functional Expression

The questions are more about statement which is used to express something, such as agreement, uncertainty, suggestion and surprise.

Example:

For Agreement:

Woman: I never want to take another test like that again.

Man: you can say that again.

Narrator: WHAT DOES THE MAN MEAN?

For this question, this is the choices answer:

a.       The woman is always talking about the test

b.      It’s all right if the woman keeps talking

c.       He would like the woman to repeat what she said

d.      He agrees that the exam was terrible

‘you can say that again’ means that the second speaker agrees that the was terrible. So, the answer is D.

·         Idiomatic Expression

Idiomatic expression is a set of words or phrases which make one meaning but we can’t interpret one by one of those words. For example ‘fly into a rage’ totally doesn’t have meaning ‘terbang’ like what ‘fly’ means, but this phrase means ‘being so angry’.

Example:

Woman: I asked Roger if he was going to help us, but he really didn’t answer my question.

Man: oh, he’s always beating around the bush.

Narrator: WHAT DOES THE MAN SAY ABOUT ROGER?

For this question, this is the choices answer:

a.       He never gives them any help

b.      He enjoys working in the garden

c.       He never gives direct answers

d.      He always beats them when they play

‘beating around the bush’ is used to express that Roger always gave answer convoluted or never gave direct answers. So, the answer is D.

·         Situation

In this part often to ask the situation or condition is talked between the two speakers. Such as place, the possibility what will happen next, or topic which is the two speakers are talking about.

Example:

Woman: did you get the tickets?

Man: yes, I did. Let’s go on in because the film’s about to start.

Narrator: WHERE DOES THIS CONVERSATION PROBABLY TAKE PLACE?

For this question, this is the choices answer:

a.       At a sporting event

b.      In front of the police station

c.       In front of a movie theater

d.      At a film developer’s

If you scrutinize what they’re talking about, you will know the correct answer. So, the answer is C.

2.       PART B : LONGER CONVERSATION

This part tests 2 longs dialogues between 2 speakers. Every each dialogue followed by 4 questions. Conversation in this part usually takes the main idea about school’s life, such as how the teacher conveys the studies, conversation between 2 students talk about their homework, or the situation when they are presenting their tasks. Also talk about environment issues, health and etc.

To answer this part, this is some tricks to help you:

• §  When the narrator reads ‘direction of part B’, you should read the choices answer at glance, and then record in your mind or expect what is the topic that they are going to talk about.
• §  When listen to the conversations, you should know what the topic which is going on.
• §  Be careful of each question.
• §  Look at the conditions and situations that occurred during the conversation, arise of the place and time of the conversations, what and who is concerned.

3.       PART C : TALKS

This part consists of long monolog. Every monolog is followed by 4 questions. Usually it talks about academic’s life, such as speech in school or presentation, and also hot topic.

You can use these tricks to answer this part.

• §  If you have time, look at the choices answer and find the keyword.
• §  Be careful of the first sentence, because the main idea is the next sentence.
• §  Focus on what, who, when, where, why and how.
• §  Make a conclusion of the situation during the conversation.

Well, those are some tricks to answer Listening Comprehension. Hope it can help you to face it. Thank you J

Reference:

Saiffudin, Irham Ali dkk (2007). Buku Pintar TOEFL. Jogjakarta: ©DIVA Press.

PEMERINTAH FOKUS KEMBANGKAN KONSEP BLUE ECONOMY

PEMERINTAH FOKUS KEMBANGKAN KONSEP BLUE ECONOMY

                Paradigma “blue economy” merupakansebuah model ekonomi baru, yakni menggunakan logika ekosistem dalam menjalankan pembangunan kelautan dan perikanan. Selain itu, melewati paradigma blue economy, KKP (Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan) berkeinginan untuk mengembangkan teknologi ramah lingkungan bagi kapal nelayan yang meminimalisir penggunaan bahan bakar fosil.

                Menurut Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan, Sharif Cicip Sutardjo, konsep “blue economy” tidaklah hanya berdasarkan kepada sector kelautan dan perikanan semata-mata, tetapi juga terintegrasi utuh dengan sector lainnya.

Blue economy telah diusulkan sebagai Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah (RPJM) sektor kelautan dan perikanan 2013-2025. 

                “Blue economy dapat memberikan jaminan, bahwa suatu pembangunan yang dijalankan tidak hanya akan menghasilkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun juga menciptakan lebih banyak lapangan kerja sekaligus menjamin terjadinya keberlanjutan,” kata Sharif di Jimbaran, Bali, Jumat (28/12)

                "Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dengan panjang pantai lebih dari 81.000 km, dimana 2/3 wilayah kedaulatannya berupa perairan laut. Laut merupakan sumber kehidupan karena memiliki potensi kekayaan alam hayati dan nir-hayati berlimpah. Sumber kekayaan alam tersebut, menurut amanat Pasal 33 UUD-1945 harus dikelola secara berkelanjutan untuk sebesar-besarnya kesejahteraan rakyat."

                Direktorat Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil dalam menyusun program dan kegiatannya mengacu pada 5 (lima) Pilar KP3K, antara lain:

• Konservasi yang efektif dan mendorong pemanfaatan sumberdaya peisisr dan kelautan secara berkelanjutan dan optimal
• Pulau-pulau kecil yang produktif dan menjadi perisai ketahanan Negara
• Pemberdayaan Masyarakat yang mendorong kemandirian dan peningkatan produktifitas
• Penataan Ruang yang mengharmoniskan kebutuhan pemanfaatan wilayah secara efektif, adil dan transparan
• Pengelolaan pesisir yang mampu mengantisipasi tekanan alam maupun manusia secara efektif.

"Sumber Daya Perikanan sebagai Tulang Punggung Perekonomian Indonesia" (16 June 2012)"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan kekayaan alam yang luar biasa banyaknya. Luas laut Indonesia dua pertiga dari daratannya. Total luas laut Indonesia adalah 3,544juta km2 (Perikanan dan kelautan dalam angka,2010). Indonesia juga memiliki garis pantai terpanjang kedua didunia setelah Kanada dengan panjang 104 ribu km (Bakokorsunal, 2006). Selain garis pantai yang panjang, Indonesia memiliki jumlah pulau terbanyak yaitu 17.504 pulau yang tersebar dari sabang sampai merauke (kemendagri, 2008). Maka, dengan gambaran sumberdaya alam yang melimpah di laut dan pesisir sudah selayaknya pembangunan Indonesia berorientasi pada maritim." 

                 "Potensi perikanan yang mencapai 82 millar U$D yang dimiliki negara ini, jika dikelola dengan baik, bertanggung jawab dan berkelanjutan akan mampu menjadi tulang punggung perekonomian nasional. Dengan membuat regulasi yang tepat dan berpihak kepada para pelaku usaha kecil (nelayan dan pembudidaya) akan mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat. Selain adanya peluang usaha maka, perikanan akan mampu memberikan lapangan kerja yang besar sehingga dapat mengentaskan pengangguran dan kemiskinan." 

Blue economy sebagai mainstream pembangunan nasional dapat mengintegrasikan antara pembangunan ekonomi berbasis darat dan laut secara berkelanjutan. Sehingga diperlukannya  perencanaan tata ruang (zonasi) untuk menarik  para investor.

CATATAN KAKI :

Aan.”Genjot Ekspor, KKP Bidik Timteng”. Koran Jakarta, 29 Desember 2012, hal. 15.

Kalituri, Robin.”Sumber Daya Perikanan Sebagai Tulang Punggung Perekonomian Indonesia”.Kompasiana, 16 Juni 2012. http://ekonomi.kompasiana.com/agrobisnis/2012/06/16/sumber-daya-perikanan-sebagai-tulang-punggung-perekonomian-indonesia/

KUTIPAN DAN CATATAN KAKI

KUTIPAN DAN CATATAN KAKI

                Definis kutipan adalah gagasan, ide, pendapat yang diambil dari berbagai sumber. Proses pengambilan gagasan itu disebut mengutip. Gagasan itu bisa diambil dari kamus, ensiklopedi, artikel, laporan, buku, majalah, internet, dan lain sebagainya. Penulisan sumber kutipan ada yang menggunakan pola Harvard, ada pula yang menggunakan pola konvensional atau catatan kaki (footnote).

                Catatan kaki sering digunakan untuk menampilkan informasi tentang halaman seperti nomor halaman, total halaman, atau sumber jika ada. Catatan kaki adalah cara untuk mengumpulkan kutipan dan referensi di bagian bawah halaman daripada referensi sisipan, yang muncul dalam teks itu sendiri.

-         Pola Harvard

Pola Harvard adalah  pola yang umum digunakan dalam refenrensi, yang menggunakan Author-Date system atau system penulis tanggal. Pola Harvard telah disesuaikan dengan banyak gaya publikasi yang berbeda. Gaya yang digunakan dalam panduan ini mengikuti standard yang ditetapkan sebagai berikut :

Snooks & Co. 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn. John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld.

Contoh diatas adalah gaya resmi yang paling banyak diikuti dalam publikasi pemerintah Australia.

Bagaimana menggunakan pola Harvard?

a.       Kutipan dalam teks yang dibuat seperti contoh berikut :

1.       Paraphrase dan kutipan dalam teks

Contoh :

Inti yang dibuat oleh seorang filsuf analitik (O’Connor 1969, hal. 32) adalah bahwa nilai-nilai tidak dapat dibenarkan dengan cara ini. Namun Kneller (1963b, hal. 102) menegaskan bahwa teori tersebut pasti akan terlibat dalam nilai klaim.

Keterangan:

Halaman, bab, atau bagian nomor dapat dimasukan dalam kutipan teks jika kutipannya panjang dan informasi membantu pembaca menemukan informasi yang relevan. Ketika nama penulis disebutkan dalam teks (Kneller misalnya dalam contoh diatas) menambahkan tahun dan halaman hanya untuk referensi dalam teks. Jika memiliki penulis yang sama dan tahun yang dicatat, dapat menambahkan b, c, dan lain-lain, seperti yang ada di dalam contoh Kneller (1963b, hal.102).

2.       Kutipan langsung dan kutipan dalam teks

Contoh:

‘Having a solid plan as part of research design is essential’ (Hatch 2002, p. 46).

atau

Hatch (2002, p. 46) believes ‘having a solid plan as part of research design is essential.’

Keterangan:

Selalu menyertakan nomor halaman saat mengutip kutipan dan menyertakan kutipan dalam tanda kutip tunggal.

3.       Blok kutipan dan kutipan dalam teks

Contoh:

Inductive analysis is discussed:

Inductive thinking proceeds from the specific to the general. Understandings are generated by starting with specific elements and finding connections among them. To argue inductively is to begin with particular pieces of evidence, then pull them together into a meaningful whole. Inductive data analysis is a search for patterns of meaningful data so the general statements about phenomena under investigation can be made (Hatch 2002, p. 161)

Keterangan:

Jika kutipan lebih dari 30 kata seperti contoh diatas, tidak perlu menggunakan tanda kutip dalam kutipan tersebut. Ini yang dinamakan free standing block.

b.      Daftar referensi , pada akhir tulisan anda, dibuat seperti ini yaitu mengatur daftar abjad penulis

Contoh:

Hatch, JA 2002, Doing qualitative research in education settings. State University of New York, Albany.

Kneller, JP 1963a, Is logical thinking logical? Ponsonby & Partridge, Dubbo.

-----1963b, ‘Thinking and logical interaction’, Brain Logic, vol. 257, no. 4, pp. 54-62.

O'Connor, DJ 1969, An introduction to the philosophy of education, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

-         Pola konvensional atau catatan kaki

Dalam sistem notasi dari referensi, nomor ditempatkan di superscript dalam teks, dan referensi lengkap (termasuk semua rincian bibliografi) ditempatkan baik di bagian bawah halaman (catatan kaki), atau pada akhir dari karya ( catatan akhir). Sebuah daftar referensi lengkap juga harus disediakan pada akhir penugasan. Tidak semua panduan menyarankan untuk membuat ini, karena mungkin akan berulang-ulang. Namun jauh lebih mudah bagi pembaca yang tertarik untuk melihat melalui daftar abjad referensi, daripada melalui halaman tugas Anda mencoba untuk menemukan sumber-sumber yang berbeda Informasi.

Singkatnya, catatan kaki pertama atau referensi catatan akhir untuk sumber harus berisi semua informasi bibliografi yang diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi itu. Rincian ini kemudian harus diikuti dengan nomor halaman atau nomor dari kutipan atau referensi khusus.

Referensi kedua dan selanjutnya ke sumber tertentu dapat disingkat dalam dua cara: dengan menyingkat informasi dari kutipan pertama atau dengan menggunakan singkatan Latin seperti ibid dan op.cit ..

a.       Menyingkat informasi

Contoh:

1.       Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by doing.Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p. 126

2.       Anzai & Simon, p. 178

Jika dua karya dari penulis disebut, Namun, informasi lebih lanjut akan diperlukan, misalnya,

1.       A. Baddeley, Human Memory: Theory and Practice, Allyn and Bacon, Boston,1990.

2.       A. Baddeley, ‘Working memory’, Science , vol. 255, pp.556-559, 1992.

3.       Baddeley, Human Memory, p. 345.

Singkatan Latin:

ibid adalah singkatan dari ibidem dan berarti 'di tempat yang sama'. Anda menggunakan ibid untuk entri referensi ketika kutipan adalah sama dengan catatan kaki sebelumnya atau catatan akhir. Jika nomor halaman berbeda, Anda menyertakan nomor halaman dari entri baru setelah ibid. Menggunakan ibid dapat menghemat dalam menulis referensi yang panjang, misalnya,

1.       Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by doing.Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p. 126

2.       ibid.

3.       ibid., p.157.

op.cit. adalah singkatan dari opere citato yang berarti 'dalam karya yang dikutip ". op.cit. digunakan bersama-sama dengan nama penulis dan nomor halaman ketika referensi lengkap telah dikutip.

Contoh:

1.       Y. Anzai and H. A. Simon. The theory of learning by doing.Psychological Review, 86, 124-180, 1979, p. 126

2.       J. R. Anderson. Cognitive psychology and its implications, 2nd edn, Freeman, New York, 1985, p. 234

3.       Anzai and Simon, op. cit., p. 157

4.       Anderson, op. cit., p. 36

ibid. dan op. cit. dan setiap singkatan lainnya harus disajikan dalam jenis normal dan selalu dimulai dengan huruf kecil, bahkan ketika mereka muncul di awal catatan.

REFERENSI :

http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2009/10/definisi-cara-menulis-kutipan.html

http://utas.libguides.com/content.php?pid=27520&sid=199808

http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/academic/4di.html

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_purpose_of_a_footnote